A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/URI.php

Line Number: 101

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 78

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 396

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated

Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$template is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 132

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 292

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 166

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 235

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 356

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 282

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 289

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 304

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 375

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 108

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 110

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Page::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Undefined array key "access_token"

Filename: controllers/Page.php

Line Number: 1479

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 1479
Function: _error_handler

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 6
Function: autenticacion

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/system/core/Exceptions.php:271)

Filename: core/Input.php

Line Number: 408

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 576
Function: set_cookie

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 78
Function: set_l

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Template::$CI is deprecated

Filename: libraries/Template.php

Line Number: 13

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 13
Function: _error_handler

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$token is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$template is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 14
Function: view

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/application/controllers/Page.php
Line: 82
Function: load

File: /home/webnutrimind/public_html/prueba_lang/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

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Bioimpedancia vs antropometria

Modelos del método doblemente indirectos para la valoración de la Composición corporal

Evaluar la composición corporal de un individuo es de suma importancia para conocer desde el estado de salud, el funcionamiento del propio organismo y hasta el rendimiento físico. Existen 3 tipos de métodos para valorar la composición corporal:

  • Método directo (disección de cadáveres)
  • Métodos indirectos (DEXA, TAC, Resonancia magnética, rayos x, etc.)
  • Métodos doblemente indirectos (Antropometría y bioimpedancia)

Entre más directo es el método es menos accesible, es por eso que la antropometría y la bioimpedancia es lo más utilizado por los profesionales de la salud para calcular la composición corporal. Del método doblemente indirecto podemos determinar el modelo de dos componentes (masa grasa y masa magra), el modelo de 4 componentes (masa grasa, masa muscular, masa ósea y masa residual) y modelo de 5 componentes (masa adiposa, masa muscular, masa ósea, masa residual y masa piel).

Bioimpedancia vs Antropometría

Modelo doble compartimento:

El modelo de doble compartimento consiste en dividir al cuerpo en sólo dos componentes: la masa grasa y la masa libre de grasa. El objetivo primordial de esta evaluación es justamente establecer una relación entre la composición corporal y el estado de salud del individuo, pues sabemos que la acumulación excesiva o niveles muy bajos de la grasa corporal tiene efectos directos sobre la salud.

Una pregunta que recurrentemente me hacen mis alumnos es: ¿Qué método es mejor para calcular el % de grasa, la bioimpedancia o la antropometría? Sin embargo, como en todo lo que tiene que ver con la ciencia no existe una respuesta única y universal, por lo que creo que es más conveniente explicar en que consiste cada una y mencionar algunas de las ventajas y desventajas que presentan.

Bioimpedancia

La impedancia es una medida de oposición que presenta un circuito a una corriente. En este caso la impedancia bioeléctrica (bioimpedancia) se basa en un desfase de la corriente que recorre el cuerpo debido a que la masa magra y la masa grasa presentan diferentes resistencias a la corriente eléctrica. Por tanto, el principio en el que se basa la bioimpedancia es a partir de la relación de la composición corporal con el contenido de agua en el cuerpo y la relación con sus propiedades eléctricas, así como con algunas otras premisas relacionadas con su hidratación, densidad, edad, raza, sexo y condición física.

Ventajas:
  • Fácil acceso
  • Bajo costo
  • Fácil de usar
Desventajas:
  • Son muchas variables que pueden afectar el resultado: Posición corporal, estado de hidratación, consumo previo de alimentos o bebidas, actividad física reciente y temperatura ambiente.
  • Las ecuaciones se basan en premisas que sólo se cumplen en una población particular, como por ejemplo, que la masa magra está compuesta por el 73% de agua, pero sabemos que esta fracción de hidratación no es constante entre las personas o grupos.
Antropometría

Se basa en fórmulas de regresión que se basa en el pesaje hidrostático tomando en cuenta el peso del cuerpo fuera del agua, el peso del cuerpo dentro del agua y el volumen desplazado, donde se obtiene densidad corporal y de esta manera se desarrollan algunas fórmulas con las que se calcula la masa grasa y la masa libre de grasa; por ejemplo, una personas de 80 kilogramos con un 20% de masa grasa tendrá menor densidad corporal que una persona también de 80kg pero con un 12% de grasa corporal.

Ventajas:
  • Fácil acceso
  • Bajo costo
  • Gracias a este método se han creado decenas de fórmulas en base a la antropometría para estimar la composición corporal.
Desventajas:
  • Al igual que la bioimpedancia por tratarse de un método doblemente indirecto tienen imprecisiones importantes
  • La mayoría de las ecuaciones que calculan el % de grasa a partir de pliegues antropométricos sobreestiman porcentajes bajos y subestiman porcentajes altos
  • Existe un gran número de ecuaciones y con gran variabilidad entre estas, pues depende de las características de los sujetos que fueron evaluados y el número de pliegues que fueron considerados, además de los diferentes criterios metodológicos que hayan sido empleados.
  • Existen muchos factores de error como lo son: la medición de los pliegues varía según el plicómetro, el sujeto que evalúa y si lo hace con un método estandarizado, el grosor de la piel varia también de una parte del cuerpo a otra y de una persona a otra, si es hombre o es mujer e incluso en la misma persona y en el mismo lugar pero en diferente edad, con la medición de pocos pliegues no se toma en cuenta los patrones individuales de la distribución de grasa, por lo que se presume que los pliegues tomados son representativos de la distribución de la grasa del todo el cuerpo.
Conclusión

Tanto la antropometría como la bioimpedancia tienen fuertes limitantes cuando de exactitud y precisión se trata, sin embargo, si se utilizan de manera adecuada y considerando dichas limitaciones pueden ser una herramienta útil en la consulta clínica, para monitorear tanto el estado de salud, el rendimiento físico o simplemente los cambios en la composición corporal.


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